Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) is a destructive agricultural pest that is harmful to beans worldwide and an important quarantine pest in China. It was divided into two phenotypes based on polyphenism: normal and flight forms. In this study, we first compared the morphological structures of the compound eyes of the two forms. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and computer three-dimensional reconstruction, there are no differences in the structures of the compound eyes between the normal and flight forms except for the number of ommatidia. From the internal structure, the compound eyes have a biconvex cornea with open rhabdom and acone eye, crystalline cone directly connected with rhabdom, and no clear zone. It is a kind of apposition eye. Ommatidia facets range in shape from quadrilateral to hexagonal and some irregular shapes. On electroretinograms (ERGs), the normal and flight forms showed different spectral sensitivities: the normal form had the strongest response to ultraviolet light, whereas the flight form had the strongest response to white light. Behavioral assays revealed that the normal and flight forms showed completely opposite phototaxis behaviors; the flight form exhibited positive phototaxis, whereas the normal form exhibited negative phototaxis. This study not only enriches our knowledge on coleopteran compound eyes but also provides a foundation for in-depth research on the photoreceptor mechanisms of compound eyes, which may be useful in pest control management.

This study focused on and examined the traditional Lucanus fortunei group comprising more than 60% of all Lucanus taxa in China. Each species treatment includes a description, distribution, collecting methods, natural history and digital habitus and other pertinent images. A dichotomous taxonomic key was created specific to the Chinese L. fortunei group and the related groups. The Lucanus fortunei group is arguably the largest group in terms of species richness in Lucanus Scopoli; however, the group definition is unclear and needs to be critically assessed and redefined. Field work and sampling of the Chinese Lucanus fortunei species group was conducted between summer, 2017 and summer, 2022. Field sites included Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Xizang, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provinces. Thirty-two taxa (species and subspecies), including 473 specimens, previously considered to fall within the scope of the Lucanus fortunei group were examined by morphological study. Three new groups, the Lucanus brivioi group, the Lucanus kraatzi group, and the Lucanus parryi group are proposed and separated from the traditional Lucanus fortunei group, based on morphological characters. The subspecies, L. parryi laetus, is proposed as the synonym of the nominate subspecies.

-

Four new genera in three spider families are reported, namely Langlibaitiao Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, with Lathys inaffecta Li, 2017 (♂♀, China: Guangxi) as the type species; Huoyanluo Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Macrobunidae Petrunkevitch, 1928, with Huoyanluo ruanxiaoqi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂, China: Yunnan) as the type species and Gushangzao Lin & Li, gen. nov. and Gyro Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833, with Gushangzao shiqian Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Xizang) and Gyro zeppeli Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Yunnan) as the type species, respectively. Further 31 new species in 19 spider families are reported, including Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837: Troglocoelotes doul Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Guangxi) and T. ruanxiaowu Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Guangxi); Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao zhangshun Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂, China: Hainan); Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878: Hahnia zhuyifani Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Yunnan); Liocranidae Simon, 1897: Platnick xintongi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Xizang); Macrobunidae: Funny yanqing Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Xizang) and Huoyanluo zhangzezhongi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂, China: Yunnan); Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928: Phricotelus yangxiong Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing); Nemesiidae Simon, 1889: Raveniola shixiu Lin, Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Guangxi) and R. xiezhen Lin, Wang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Yunnan); Nesticidae Simon,1894: Speleoticus sicet Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Sichuan); Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912: Speocera yiduoi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂, China: Guangdong); Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862: Uroctea chenyui Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Guangxi); Oonopidae Simon, 1890: Orchestina xiebao Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Chongqing); Philodromidae Thorell, 1869: Apollophanes lujiani Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Guangxi) and Psellonus dawanqu Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Guangdong); Salticidae Blackwall, 1841: Coccorchestes spark Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Indonesia, West Papua), Onomastus zhuwu Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing) and Synagelides huangxin Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing); Sparassidae Bertkau,1872: Thelcticopis chongzu Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Yunnan); Symphytognathidae Hickman,1931: Kirinua zhengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Guangxi); Synotaxidae Simon,1895: Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing) and T. huihangi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Zhejiang); Theridiidae: Chrosiothes pengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, China: Chongqing), Coscinida hantao Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing), Gushangzao goemon Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Japan, Iriomotejima Island), Theridion chenzhangfui Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Zhejiang) and Yaginumena xuanzan Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing); Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881: Coddingtonia chenyufengi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong) and Sennin zhangxinae Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong); Zodariidae Thorell, 1881: Mallinella zhoushengboi Lin & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀, China: Chongqing). Four new combinations in three spider families are proposed: Philodromidae: Psellonus kianganensis (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov.; Theridiidae: Gushangzao pelorosus (Zhu, 1998) comb. nov. and Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao chishuiensis (Zhang, Yang & Zhang, 2009) comb. nov. and L. inaffectus (Li, 2017) comb. nov.

Two new species of Eurytoma, E. truncatumi Yang, Liu & Cao, sp. nov. and E. acutibialis Yang, Liu & Cao, sp. nov., are described and illustrated, as the solitary larval and pupal ectoparasitoid of Bradybatus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a serious pest of purpleblow maple, Acer truncatum Bunge (Aceraceae). Photographs of the characters of the new species were provided. Typical materials were deposited in Insect Museum, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing. The biological characters observed and their biocontrol potential were also discussed.

A species of the genus Nephrotoma from Xizang, China is described as new to science, namely N. zhuolonggouensis Men, sp. nov., which differs from its relative species by the structures of outer gonostylus, median lobe of sternite eighth and gonapophyses. Hypopygiums of another six species, N. concava Yang & Yang, 1990, N. geniculata Yang & Yang, 1987, N. hirsuticauda Alexander, 1924, N. martynovi Alexander, 1935, N. nigrostylata Alexander, 1935 and N. virgata (Coquillett, 1898), are redescribed based on additional characters.

This study reported two new species: Newsteadia multipori Zheng & Wu, sp. nov., collected from pine needle litter in Guizhou Province, are described and illustrated for its adult female, male, and first-, second- and third-instar nymphs; N. chebalingensis Zheng & Wu, sp. nov., collected from broad leaf litter in Guangdong Province, are described and illustrated for its adult female and first-instar nymph. Identification keys are provided to the adult females of Newsteadia species known in China and to the adult males of Newsteadia species known worldwide.

A new genus and species, Sananicoccus nanophytoni gen. & sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on its adult female, adult male, first-instar nymph and pupa, collected on the leaves of Nanophyton erinaceum (Pall.) Bunge (Chenopodiaceae) from Xinjiang. The new genus is similar to the genus Synacanthococcus Morrison, 1920, but differs by the absence of ostioles and dorsal cerarii, and no cerarii situated on a prominent sclerotized area.

The genus Limonia Meigen, 1803 is globally distributed with 216 known species/subspecies, of which 30 are recorded from China. In this study, we firstly use DNA barcodes (mt COI) to identify specimens of Limonia from China, result in a discovery of three species. Considering the morphological data, these species were identified as L. albiterminalis Lü, Ren & Zhang, sp. nov., L. juvenca Alexander, 1935 (new record in China), and L. macrostigma (Schummel, 1829), respectively. Six COI sequences of the three species were provided, analyzed with other 24 COI sequences from Limonia species. The result indicates that intraspecific distances in the genus are generally less than 2.2%, interspecific distances range from 7.9% to 17.2%, and there is no overlap between intra- and interspecific distances. Redescription and illustrations of L. juvenca and illustration of male hypopygium of L. macrostigma, as well as the key to the Chinese Limonia crane flies, are all provided.

-

The genus Diomus Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Diomini) from China is herein revised. Five species of Diomus are occurring in the Chinese fauna to date, including a new species from the Dafushan Mountains Forest Park, Guangzhou, Guangdong, namely D. dafushanensis Bi, Peng & Chen, sp. nov. Nomenclatural history, diagnosis, illustrations and distribution were provided for each species. A key to the native species of Diomus from China is also presented.

Species are not only the fundamental units of taxonomy but also the basic units of pest management. Insects of Conogethes are important agricultural and forestry pests. However, species boundaries within Conogethes often appear obscure. In the present study, we re-evaluated the species status of Conogethes by applying three species delimitation approaches based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences, with particular emphasis on the yellow peach moth C. punctiferalis (Guenée, 1854). We first optimized species delimitation and inter-species genetic divergence threshold using a DNA barcoding dataset. The results revealed that several nominal species of Conogethes species harbored deeply diverged mitochondrial lineages which were recognized as independent species by the species delimitation methods. The p-distance between the delimited putative species ranged from 0.0159 to 0.1321 with a mean of 0.0841. Then we refined the species status of C. punctiferalis using the smallest interspecific distance threshold based on a geographically comprehensive population-scale dataset. This procedure narrowed the species concept of C. punctiferalis to a genetically coherent unit. Further investigation of its intraspecific divergence in the geographic context revealed that the refined C. punctiferalis was still widely distributed with the same or highly similar mitochondrial haplotypes occurring across South and East Asia.