Collembola, a common pest of mushrooms, could reduce the yield and quantity of edible mushroom and causes great economic losses in their production. During the investigation of Collembola in the main edible mushroom production areas in China, 27 species belonging to five families and 16 genera, hosted by more than ten species of edible mushrooms have been revealed by morphological and molecular evidence. The most diverse genus was the genus Ceratophysella with five species reported. Fourteen of the 27 species were distributed only in China, while others were widely distributed all over the world. Fifteen species on mushrooms have been barcoded; the results of the species delimitation by mitochondrial COI marker confirmed the results by morphology, with low intra-specific divergences (0–8%). Two Thalassaphorura species, with the only difference being in the presence of parapseudocelli on the anterior ventral head, were clearly differentiated by the molecular markers.